Of Fennie stones.

| 1 Serapias palustris latifolia. | 2 Serapias palustris leptophylla. | | :--- | :--- | | Marrish Satyrion. | Serapias handed Satyrion. |

The kindes.

There be sundrie sorts of Turneps; some wilde; some of the garden; some with round rootes globe fashion; other ouall or peare fashion; some great; and some of a smaller sorte. | 1 Rapum maius. Great Turneps. | 2 Rapum minus. Small Turneps. | |---------------------------------|---------------------------------|

The description.

Broad leafed Serapias stones hath cleft or diuided rootes like fingers, much like vnto the rootes of Palma Christi, whereof this is a kinde: from the which rifeth vp a stalke of a foote high, set heere and there with very faire Lillie like leaues, which do clip or imbrace the stalke almost round about like the leaues of Thorowewax: at the top of the stalke groweth a faire bush of white flowers, spotted or dasht ouer with purple: among the which flowers grow many small green sharpe pointed leaues. The seede I could neuer obserue, being a thing like dust that flieth in the winde. 2 Serapias handed Satyrion differeth little from the precedent, but in greatnesse & colour of the flowers: for this plant bringeth foorth faire white flowers gaping wide open; in the hollownesse whereof appeere certaine things obscurely hidden resembling little Helmets, which fetteth foorth the difference. 3 Handed Satyrion hath very great rootes, with some strings fastened to the vpper part thereof, fashioned like an hand, whereof it tooke his name; from which rifeth vp a faire stiffe stalke, armed with large leaues, verie notablie straked with blackish spots, clipping or embracing the stalke round about: at the top of the stalke standeth a faire tuft of purple flowers, with manie greene leaues mingled amongst the same, which maketh the bush or tuft much greater. The seed is nothing else but as it were dust like the other of his kinde. 4 The Eunuch Orchis or handed Satyrion with testicles, hath manie long rootes, dispersing themselves, or creeping farre abroad in the grounde, contrarie to all the rest of the Orchides: which rootes rootes are of the bignesse of strawes in substance, like those of Sopewoort; from the which immediately rise fower or fiue broade smooth leaues, like vnto the small Plantaine, from the which shooteth vp a small and tender stalke; at the top whereof groweth a pleasant spikie eare of a purple or incarnate colour, spotted on the inside with little speckes of bloody colour. The seede is very small, yet better to be obserued than any of the rest of the Orchides. | 3 Palma Christi palustris. | 4 Palma Christi, radice repente. | | :--- | :--- | | Handed marish Satyrion. | Handed Satyrion without stones. | ☙ The place. They grow in marish and fenny groundes, and in shadowie woodes that are very moist. The last was found (by a learned preacher called master Robert Abbot of Bishops Hatfield) in a boggie groue where a Conduite head doth stand, that sendeth water to the Queenes house in the same towne. ☙ The time They flower and flourish about May and Iune. ☙ The temperature and vertues. There is little vse of these in Phisicke, onely they are referred vnto the handed Satyrions, whereof they are kinds: notwithstanding Dalecampius hath written in his great volume, that the marish Orchis is of greater force than any of the Dogs stones in procuring of lust. Camerarius of Noremberge, who was the first that described this kinde of creeping Orchis, hath set it foorth with a bare description onely, and I am likewise constrained to do the like, bicause as yet I haue had no triall thereof. THE SECOND BOOKE OF THE HISTORIE OF PLANTS: Containing the description, place, time, names, nature, and vertues of all sorts of herbs for meate, medicine, or sweete smelling use, &c. The treatie of Grasses, Rushes, Corne and bulbus rootes, we haue in our first Booke sufficiently described, & such also as whose braue and gallant flowers do decke and beautifie Gardens, and feede rather the eies than the bellie. Besides these, there remaine certaine other bulbes, but yet not all seruing for foode: of which notwithstanding we will also discourse in this booke, deuiding them in such sort, that those that may be iudged to be of one kinde, shall be separated one from another. It may therefore suffice that we haue seuered the bulbed flowers from these that serue for meate and nourishment, which otherwise might haue beene also comprehended in one booke together, as by some they haue beene. Of Turneps. The first Chapter. The Turnep hath long, rough & greene leaues, cut or snipt about the edges with deepe gashes. The stalke diuideth it selfe into sundrie branches or armes, bearing at the top small flowers of a yellow colour, and sometimes of a light purple; which being past, there do succeed long cods full of small blackish seede like rape seede. The roote is round like a bowle; and sometimes a little stretched out in length, growing verie shallow in the ground, and often shewing it selfe aboue the face of the earth. The small Turnep is like vnto the former, sauing that it is lesser. The roote is much sweeter in tast, as my selfe haue often prooued. There is a third sort of small Turnep said to haue red rootes, but my selfe haue not as yet seene any such. But I am of opinion that some haue seene the roote of the red Beet, which oftentimes is found in barren grounde to haue the roote declining to roundnesse, and of colour red or reddish, which hath beene taken for a kinde of Turnep.

The place.

The Turnep prospereth well in a light, loose, and fat earth, and so loose as Petrus Crescentius sheweth, that it may be turned almost into dust. It groweth in fields and diuers vineyardes, or hoppe gardens in most places of England. The small Turnep groweth by a village neere London (called Hackeney) in a sandie ground, and brought to the Crosse in Cheap-side by the women of that village to be solde, and are the best that euer I tasted.

The time.

Turneps are sowen in the spring, as also in the end of August. They flower and seede the second yeere after they are sowen; for those which flower the same yeere that they are sowen are a degenerate kinde, called in Cheshire about the Namptwitch Mad neeps, of their euill qualitie in causing frensie and giddinesse of the braine for a season.

The names.

The Turnep is called in Latine Rapum: in Greeke γογγύλη, which is commonly vsed in shops, and euery where Rapa. The Lacedemonians call it γαστήρ: the Boetians ζεκαντίς as Athenaeus reporteth: in high Dutch it is named Ruben: in low Dutch Rapen: in French Naueau rond: in Spanish Nabo: in English Turnep and Rape.

The vertues.

The bulbus or knobbed roote, which is properly called Rapum or Turnep, and hath giuen the name to the plant, is many times eaten raw especially of the poore people in Wales, but most commonly boiled. The raw roote is windie and engendreth grosse and cold blood: the boiled doth coole lesse, and so little as that it cannot be perceiued to coole at all, yet it is moist and windie. It auaileth not a little after what maner it is to be prepared; for being boiled in water or in certaine broth, it is more moist and sooner descendeth, and maketh the bodie more soluble; but being rosted or baked it drieth and ingendreth lesse winde, and yet it is not altogither without winde. But howsoeuer they be dressed they yeelde more plentie of nourishment than those that are eaten rawe: they do increase milke in women brests, and naturall seed, and prouoke vrine. The decoction of Turneps is good against the cough and hoarsnesse of the voice, being drunke in the euening with a little sugar or a quantitie of clarified hony. Dioscorides writeth that the Turnep it selfe being stamped is with good successe applied vpon mouldie or kibed heeles, and that also oile of roses boiled in an hollowe Turnep vnder the hot embers doth cure the same. The yoong and tender shootes or springs of Turneps at their first comming foorth of the ground, boiled and eaten as a sallade, prouoke vrine. The seed is mixed with counterpoisons and treacles: and being drunke it is a remedie against poison. They of the lowe countries doe giue the oile which is pressed out of the seede, against the after throwes of women newly brought to bed, and also do minister it to yoong children against the wormes, which it both killeth and driueth foorth. The oile washed with water doth allaie the feruent heat, and ruggidnes of the skin.